Meniscus Tear – Knee Cartilage
Introduction
The menisci are cartilage structures in the knee joint that act as buffers between the bones. The menisci are vulnerable to injury, especially during twisting motions used for sports. Some tears in certain parts of the meniscus may heal on their own, but in many cases surgery is necessary. Arthroscopic surgery is the accepted method of treating meniscus tears. Because the joint is not fully opened, recovery is faster and has fewer complications than with older open surgery methods.
Anatomy
The knee joint is composed of three bones. The thigh bone (femur) sits on top of the larger leg bone (tibia). The kneecap (patella) glides in a groove on the end of the thigh bone. The menisci are two C-shaped cartilage discs that are located on the end of the tibia.
The outer edges of the menisci have a blood supply, which can allow injuries to heal. The inner part of the menisci does not have a good blood supply, and tears in this area cannot heal on their own. The menisci help to support your body weight and act as shock absorbers when you walk or run. They also allow your knee bones to glide easily during motion.
Causes
The menisci can tear during strong twisting motions of the knee, especially when the foot remains firmly planted on the ground and the knee is bent. Pivoting, cutting, changing directions quickly, or slowing down quickly during sports, such as football, tennis, or soccer, can cause a meniscus tear. Older adults can experience a meniscus tear as the result of weakened cartilage and knee degeneration.
Symptoms
You may hear a popping noise when the meniscus tears. Swelling, pain, and tightness may increase over several days. You may not be able to straighten your knee, and it may buckle, catch, or lock in position. It may be difficult for you to put weight on your leg or walk.
Diagnosis
You should contact your doctor if you suspect you have torn your meniscus. Your doctor will review your medical history, the circumstances leading to your injury, and conduct a physical exam. Clinical exams, the McMurray’s test and Apley’s compression test, involve bending your knee while the doctor moves your foot and leg in different positions to assess the menisci. Your doctor will evaluate excess fluid and swelling around your knee joint. An X-ray may be used to see the condition of your bones. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan may be used to create a picture of your menisci and inner knee structures to help your doctor diagnose your injury.
Treatment
Minor tears on the outer sections of the meniscus may be able to heal on their own if there is a good blood supply. Ice packs, rest, and medications can help relieve pain and swelling. Physical therapy can help strengthen the muscles that move the knee joint.
Ultrasound Guided Platelet rich plasma injection or Stem Cells injection for regeneration is promising (not FDA approved) but supported by multiple Studies.
Prevention
Your doctor may set restrictions on your activities depending on the nature of your injury. For example, if part of your meniscus is removed, you may be restricted from running activities or lifting large amounts of weight. Return to intense physical activity should only be done with the clearance of your doctor. You should always wear your knee brace or protective sports gear as directed by your surgeon.
